• Determination of relative potency EC by

  2020-09-17

  

  Determination of relative potency (EC50) by dose response assays in vitro is subject to the same sources of variability as determination of affinity, since the EC50 and Hill slope of the dose response curve are highly dependent on the binding of ligand to a competing receptor that may be present, an

• MoAbs targeting the tumourigenic pathways

  2020-09-17

  

  MoAbs targeting the tumourigenic pathways, such as IGF-1R may theoretically have a dual working mechanism. On the one hand they block pathways having an anti-tumour working mechanism, and on the other hand they may also stimulate an immunological response inducing a reaction of the patients own imm

• br Introduction Rhabdomyosarcoma RMS is a myogenic tumor tha

  2020-09-17

  

  Introduction Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a myogenic tumor that accounts for approximately 50% of all pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. Diagnostic criteria for RMS GSK744 on the validation of proteins of the skeletal muscle lineage, such as Desmin, MyoD or Myogenin [1]. RMS cells are persistently kep

• Protease Inhibitor Library By using live imaging of an ERK

  2020-09-17

  

  By using live imaging of an ERK fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor, the authors show that ERK activity propagates in a stepwise manner from the center to the periphery of the tracheal placode. This row-by-row propagation of ERK activity fits a relay model in which each row activate

• PGE EP activation has been found

  2020-09-17

  

  PGE2-EP4 activation has been found to attenuate the activation of microglia and to prevent lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Betaine inflammation [15]. Moreover, PGE2/EP4 signaling has elicited a protective function in reduc

• Trelagliptin receptor br Enzyme activations Activated protei

  2020-09-17

  

  Enzyme activations Activated proteinases can unleash a deluge of tissue damage (Zucker et al., 2009). Once activated, the essential enzymes such as serine proteases and cysteine proteases cannot discriminate between self and non-self, burning away self-tissues (Chien et al., 2009, Laskar et al.,

• The discovery of proteases that are

  2020-09-16

  

  The discovery of proteases that are active in organic solvent media has greatly extended their ability in the synthesis of useful products. Microbial proteases which are able be catalyse in non-aqueous solvents present new expectation in enzyme applications. This kind of enzymes gives a major contri

• levosimendan Proinflammatory cytokines induce ER stress in m

  2020-09-16

  

  Proinflammatory cytokines induce ER stress in many mammalian cell systems.32, 33, 34 Our results demonstrate that these cytokines also trigger ER stress in trophoblast JEG-3 cells. However, the severity of stress is likely low grade because only the PERK-EIF2A arm of the UPRER pathway was activated.

• Both the kK and kK mediated

  2020-09-16

  

  Both, the kK3 and kK5-mediated ubiquitination leads to rapid internalisation of target proteins followed by lysosomal degradation, similar to that seen for MARCH-1/8 [77]. Ubiquitination activity of kK3 and kK5 depends on the positioning of the targeted lysine (or cysteine) residues [22]. The positi

• br Multi subunit RINGs There are RING

  2020-09-16

  

  Multi-subunit RINGs There are RING-type E3s that exist as multi-subunit assemblies (see Fig. 3B). A striking example is the Cullin RING Ligase (CRL) superfamily [35], which exhibits enormous plasticity in substrate specificity. Each CRL subfamily is characterized by a cullin protein (Cul-1, 2, 3,

• Despite the important agronomic traits regulated by

  2020-09-16

  

  Despite the important agronomic traits regulated by SUMO, most research studies on SUMOylation have been mainly limited to model plants, such as Arabidopsis and rice (Wang et al., 2011), due to the lack of molecular tools specific to other economically relevant plants. On the other hand, plants harb

• Egr together with catecholamine biosynthetic

  2020-09-16

  

  Egr1, together with catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), is induced in adrenal medulla by different types of stress (Liu et al., 2005, Morita et al., 1996, Nankova et al., 1993, Papanik

• Addressing whether impaired activation of

  2020-09-16

  

  Addressing whether impaired activation of D1 and D2 receptors regulates memory capacity is relevant for all human pathologies that lead to reduced activation of these ionophores pathways, such as ageing [39], certain genetic polymorphisms [40] and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we have

• br Conflict of Interest br Acknowledgements

  2020-09-16

  

  Conflict of Interest Acknowledgements Marques F. was supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal, Grant UMINHO/BI/35/2012. This work was supported by FCT by the Project PTDC/AGR-AAM/70418/2006. Introduction β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) exposure has long been as

• Aspergillus nigerA niger is another filamentous

  2020-09-16

  

  Aspergillus nigerA. niger is another filamentous fungus, in which alternative dehydrogenases have been described. Filamentous fungi are a very important group of microorganisms that are used in industry (O’Donnell et al. 2011). Biotechnological production processes using these organisms are often h

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